Cross Cultural Studies Essay Example for Free

Cross Cultural Studies Essay Beauty, is anything that appeals, and is incorporated in current fads and trends of the area. Its features drastically vary across the globe where antagonizing manners are adopted. Obesity is such an example, where in the west, obesity is shunned, and admonished, and on the contrary, in the African countries, obesity lures and is considered to be a blessing, exhibiting richness. Beauty may be skin deep, but there are cases when such becomes a paradox. Obesity is not just about the weight, or the physical and genetic rationalities we can derive from it. Obesity can also be derived from its psychological roots. What is obesity and how it affects the reputation, personality, or even the attitude towards it varies across cultures as mentioned earlier. In this paper, obesity is seen as good and wanted physiological trait, compared with as a social cancer plaguing the health in most Western countries. RESEARCH FINDINGS Norimitsu Onish (2001), in his article entitled, ‘On the scale of Beauty, weight weights heavily’, has explained in a formidable manner the craze obesity has amongst teenage girls in Nigeria. He has depicted the ways ladies will employ to go beyond their means so as to become fat, and conducts market surveys determining which types of steroids, pills or chemicals they would use. The paper explains how obese women are idealized and looked up onto. Onish indicates that women would tend to consume harmful chemical to gain fatty tissues, and have become so obsessed with becoming fat, that they would go to ‘fattening farms’ and get massaged weeks before their weddings. Likewise, some of the poorer women would consume animal feed in order to get fat and become attractive, as they cannot afford the rich foods. Historically, fleshy African women were considered well endowed financially, because they can afford food, are healthy and fertile. Women in African culture are revered to as the food provider, the one who plants and supplies food in the community. A fleshy African woman connotes someone from an affluent family or perhaps a potential good provider for her family. The heavy African woman was valued and held in high esteem. However, it is important to note that African women labored diligently, working sun up to sun down, and their laborious tasks were not conducive to being big. The arduous work kept African women basically on the thin side (Johnson and Broadnax, 2003). STRATIFICATION: Stratification is an integral part of a community and society that occurs due to a division in the classes which is determined by the economic situation of the household or community. This horizontal stratum is also prevalent among some countries which have a male dominant society, on the pretext of religion. This has been depicted in Onish’s article, where obese women are a status symbol, exhibiting their resources, and that they belong to well to do families, compromising their health in this way. A very good example is quoted explaining how a girl since the age of 11 years, was forced to become obese on the pretext of getting a ‘good match’, and now she suffers from hip dislocation, and bone disorders, as it has become difficult to carry herself around. Culturally, being large was not customary. In the African view, women who are fleshy, had hips, and a voluptuous body are the women to marry. Body size was also perceived to make them excellent mothers. African women who are large have more adipose tissue, and were perceived to carry a fetus to full term and suspend for some time the effects of starvation should there be scarcity of food (Johnson and Broadnax, 2003). In a class lecture by Mead back in 1974, culture was defined as the transmission of values and behaviors and concepts. It is the way one eats, the way one walks, and the way one raises a child. In Africa, the cultural level was subtle for little girls to learn that African men and families values large women and was highly acceptable. But being voluptuous was deemed in a different way when slaves were transported to the new world. African women then were viewed and even designated to be breeders and has a duty to give birth as many times as her owner wants to. Alex Haley documented this in his book by relating how large African women beats slave children and hands them to a slave owner as a sexual prize (Johnson and Broadnax, 2003). In another article, ‘Culture: A sociological view’, Becker (Becker, 1982) explains the significance of culture in a society and how it is regularly modified in order to meet the modern fashion and fad. Culture is being regularly changed, and newer versions of principles and practices are adopted. Likewise, stratification in terms of race and gender is also now being diluted, as a sense of equality is prevalent within most of the societies across the globe. A society is organized by its cultural values, which is the essence to its development, and thus although newer concepts are adopted, older principles should not be ignored and should be passed onto generations in order to preserve a society’s cultural heritage. The gradual changes in society together with the culture in which one grows takes generations. There are a few and core cultural traits which are passed on from one generation to another, preserved in families, despite the many changes that are constantly happening. In the sociological context, this also reflects how society influences the individual’s views and perceptions with the many changes happening around him/her. At some point, the person knows what his culture is inherently, but also adjusts to fit in and cope up with the many cultural changes in our societies. CROSS CULTURAL STUDIES: Cross cultural studies was a very interesting subject that depicts the various anthropologies around the globe. The primary essence in this study is an element of tolerance which various ethnic groups have to incur so as to accommodate and intermingle with various cultural set ups. A united stand in which people from entirely different cultures will team up and constructive serve towards the progress and development of a society is prevalent in most countries. A good example is depicted by the people of Malaysia, in which various ethnic groups coexist and play their respective roles in order to make Malaysia one of the most rapidly developed nation in the past decade, and it is now a role model for others to follow. Hinduism, Islam, Christianity and Buddhism coexist and temples are built right next to mosques and churches, where people go shoulder to shoulder to preach in tolerance and harmony. The same can be derived when slaves where transported to the New World. As African women became sexual prizes to their owners, some Westerner has fathered a child, and bore an African-American child. In the existing culture, being thin is in. Bulimia and anorexia has become an epidemic amongst teens and younger women because of the images of thin women being cultivated in the new society. The cross cultural examination between how women in Africa in comparison with African-American women view obesity is different and is a reflection of how views and perception change over time and across cultures. CONCLUSION: Culture differ across the globe, meeting the geographical requirements of a region, these can vary and be contrary, like the case of obesity, which is endeavored by some, and admonished by other societies, like the westerners. Likewise, cultural set ups are modified and changed in order to meet modern day requirements, and simultaneously maintaining and preserving the ancient cultural values that have been passed on. Similarly, cross cultural set ups also do exist, and various ethnic groups coexist and serve proactively for the development and progress of nations, thus exhibiting discipline, unity and tolerance. REFERENCES: Becker H. (1982) Culture: A Sociological View, Yale Review, September 2, , 71:513-527 Johnson, R. W. and Broadnax, P. A (2003). A perspective on obesity analysis of trend of obesity in African-American women. ABNF Journal. Onish N. (2001) Maradi Journal: On the Scale of Beauty, Weight Weighs Heavily New York Times dated Feb 12

Critical Review of Henkel (2014)

Critical Review of Henkel (2014) Review of â€Å"Point and shoot memories: The influence of taking photos on memory for a museum tour† by Henkel Introduction In psychology, it is important to review literature critically. Questions require to be asked of all research, both prior and subsequent to publishing. Matters such as justification for the research, the approach taken to carry out the research, the results of the research and its generalizability all require to be examined in order to establish whether the findings are worthwhile and reliable. This essay will take such an approach and critically analyse a recent study carried out by Henkel (2014). The article, published in Psychological Science, will be reviewed with any shortcomings addressed and suggestions made for improvement. Overview of paper Henkel (2014)suggests that photography is a common pastime, with more than three billion photographs having been taken in 2012. Citing a variety of evidence, Henkel (2014) suggests that the review of photographs can assist with the retrieval and activation of memories. This applies to both healthy individuals (Hodges, Berry, Wood, 2011) as well as people with specific pathologies (Berry et al., 2007; Loveday Conway, 2011). With the foregoing in mind, it is proposed that research to date has not elucidated how the conscious taking of a photograph affects the subsequent memory of what has been captured. The hypothesis proposed is two-tailed and suggests that memory performance following the taking of a photograph will either be improved, or impaired. In order to investigate this question, Henkel carried out two relatively simple experiments in which participants were required to carry out a visit to a museum. In the first experiment, participants were divided into two separate groups and requested to either view or take photographs of specific objects in the museum, such that all objects were both viewed and photographed once. Subsequent to the visit, participants were given an assessment of their memory for both the location of the objects and the objects themselves by means of a free recall test, followed by a recall test based on a list of object names. In addition to the object name recall test, participants were required to indicate their confidence in the accuracy of their responses. Finally, a recall test was administered to participants based on photographs of objects. Across all recall tests, participants were required to indicate whether the object in question had been observed, photographed or had not been part of the tour. Results suggest that photographing an object has a negative impact on a person’s memory for that object, although participants could remember whether an object had been photographed or viewed at better than chance levels. Participants were, however, better at remembering objects from a photographic cue, as opposed to a name cue. Following the first experiment, some further questions were raised in connection with the procedure and a second experiment took place with a view to clarifying these. The procedure in the second experiment was broadly similar, although objects on the tour were split into three groups requiring them to be photographed in full, in part, or viewed, such that all objects were photographed in full, in part and viewed once. The post-visit memory tests administered to participants were similar, with the exception that participants did not participate in the free recall test. In the name recall test, participants were required to answer two questions about the object and in the event that a specific part of the object had been photographed, a question was asked about that part, as well as a more general question about the object. Results replicated those of the first experiment, in that there was an impairment effect of taking a photograph generally, as well as the previous observation that memory for whether an object had been photographed or viewed was better than chance. In contrast, when an object had a specific part photographed, memory for that part , as well as the object more generally, was improved. Methodological comments Participants In experiment 1, it is noted that two thirds of participants had indicated a previous visit to the museum in question, although not within the month prior to the experiment. No such note is made in respect of the participants in experiment 2. This may be an oversight, or it may be that all of the participants in experiment 2 are, in fact, naà ¯ve participants. In the event that this is an oversight, the simplest resolution would have been to insert a line in the original manuscript to identify how many participants in experiment 2 had previously visited the museum. In the event that all participants in experiment 2 were naà ¯ve, it may prove problematic when comparing the two experiments. Ideally, all participants in this sort of experiment should be naà ¯ve, as a previous visit to the museum may give those participants a memory advantage over those who have not visited. It is unclear how this may have affected the results of the experiments, but future experiments of this nature may look to deal with participants with a previous experience by using a quasi-experimental design (Bryman, 2008). Such a design would allow for participants’ previous experience to be catered for, although the negative impact of such a design is that causality cannot be fully inferred from the results (Bryman, 2008). Method of recording accuracy of memory recall When recording participants’ responses in experiment 1, a free recall test was used initially, followed by tests to measure recall prompted by a name or a photograph. The photograph prompt recall task is well explained in the paper and does not require attention here. Unfortunately, detail relating to the free recall task is slightly less clear. Participants were requested to recall the names of objects on the museum tour, indicating whether they had been observed or photographed. Where an object name could not be remembered, participants were requested to write a brief description of the object. The major issue with this particular aspect of the experiment is that no detail is provided in respect of how the descriptive element of this task was assessed. In the circumstances, it may have been a better option to have only graded responses dichotomously, ensuring that responses where the participant cannot remember the object are graded as such. This appears to be how the data h as been coded here, although no information is provided in respect of a cut off point for remembered or forgotten where the name cannot be remembered by the participant. In respect of the named recall task, there appears to be no requirement for participants to grade their confidence in the accuracy of their responses, as this data is neither referred to anywhere else in the paper, nor statistically analysed. It is unclear why this particular task was required as the paper makes no reference to participants’ confidence in their memories. As the task does not appear to be completed in experiment 2, one could ponder whether it was actually necessary for experiment 1. Suitability of statistical tests It is well documented that the ANOVA omnibus test is not suitable for data which are proportional in nature due to the fact that the data is restricted by fixed boundaries of 0 and 1 and the error does not follow a normal distribution, amongst other reasons (Crawley, 2005; Field, 2009). In Henkel’s (2014) study, the data in both experiments is measured by way of response frequency which is subsequently converted to proportions. It would appear that an ANOVA is therefore not the most appropriate statistical test. In order to rectify this issue, there are three possibilities. The first possibility is to transform the data, using a procedure such as the arc sine transformation, which has the effect of normalising the error distribution (Crawley, 2005). Transforming the data makes it more appropriate for use in an ANOVA, although care still requires to be taken with interpretation of results. It is not clear from Henkel’s (2014) article whether a transformation has been car ried out on the data and on the basis that it is not noted in the article, it must be assumed that no such transformation has been completed. In the event that a transformation has been carried out on the data, the article should have a note to this effect in order to avoid confusion for the reader. A second proposal to deal with the data would be to carry out a logistic regression, which is a suitable method to use on binomially distributed data, such as proportional data (Crawley, 2005; Field, 2009). Using a logistic regression would allow the researched to make predictions about the impact of taking photographs on subsequent memory, however it would not allow inferences of causality to be drawn. In addition, problems with generalisability of results would also arise, as a logistic regression is not assumed to be valid for predictions which do not apply to the dataset (Crawley, 2005; Field, 2009). The final suggestion for rectification of the problems with statistical procedure is to avoid using proportional data altogether and measure simple response frequencies. This would require a change in the statistical test used for the experiments to the chi-squared test for independence (Pearson, 1900). Again, the main issue with this course of action is that it would no longer be po ssible for the experiment to indicate causality, as the chi-squared test is correlational in nature. Nonetheless, this may be an appropriate course of action with a view to prompting further research in relation to memory for items which have been photographed and the causal effect of taking such photographs. General comments Introduction The introduction is concise and follows a clear, coherent structure. The reasons for the research question and subsequent experiment are clearly detailed. Experiment 1 Aside from the issues identified in the previous section, the methods section is clear, coherent and concise. Whilst not everything required for a replication is included, with some minor additions, the relevant information would be available. At the foot of the results and discussion section (p.398), results of a Source x Retrieval Cue ANOVA are reported without any statistics quoted. The statistics are reported in respect of an interaction, but not for the main effects. It may be that the main effects are not statistically significant, however, for the purposes of clarity, it would be better for them to be reported here. Experiment 2 The rationale behind experiment 2 follows on from experiment 1. The background is clearly and concisely laid out and seems logical. Other than the issues noted previously in respect of methodology, no further problems are noted in respect of the methods applied in the experiment. General discussion In the final paragraph of the general discussion (p. 401) the results are discussed outwith the parameters of the experiments in, one would assume, an attempt to generalise the results more widely. The final sentence appears to make a claim relating to interacting with photos and the effect of interaction on memory. Whilst previous evidence is referred to, it is not clear how this assertion can be made from the results of this experiment, as no attempts were made to show the effect of interaction with photographs on memory. It may be that this conclusion should be revised in order to make a better fit with the results of the experiment. Conclusion In summary, this study appears to be novel and timely, following from and adding to recent research findings. There is a defined gap in the literature in relation to the focus of the study which could be addressed by it. In addition the study may provoke future research into photographs and memory in the social environment, outwith the scenario of a museum visit, which will allow further generalisation of the findings. Despite the issues identified in relation to methodology, the article is well written and the research generally well designed. With a few minor tweaks in relation to statistical tests and provision of further information for the purposes of replication, the article could be improved further. Nonetheless, this series of experiments is novel, appropriate, timely, and adds to the current understanding of memory in relation to photographs more generally. References Berry, E., Kapur, N., Williams, L., Hodges, S., Watson, P., Smyth, G., †¦ Wood, K. (2007). The use of a wearable camera, SenseCam, as a pictorial diary to improve autobiographical memory in a patient with limbic encephalitis: A preliminary report. Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 17, 582–601. Bryman, A. (2008). Social Research Methods (3rd Ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. Crawley, M. J. (2005). Statistics: An Introduction Using R. Chichester: Wiley. Field, A. (2009). Discovering Statistics Using SPSS (3rd Ed.). London: Sage. Henkel, L. A. (2014). Point-and-shoot memories: the influence of taking photos on memory for a museum tour. Psychological Science, 25, 396–402. Hodges, S., Berry, E., Wood, K. (2011). SenseCamà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¯: A wearable camera which stimulates and rehabilitates autobiographical memory. Memory, 19, 685–696. Loveday, C., Conway, M. A. (2011). Using SenseCam with an amnesic patient: Accessing inaccessible everyday memories. Memory, 19, 697–704. Pearson, K. (1900). On the criterion that a given system of deviations from the probable in the case of a correlated system of variables is such that it can be reasonably supposed to have arisen from random sampling. Philosophical Magazine, 50(5), 157–175.

Erstwhile :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Confessions of an Erstwhile Child is an essay which analyses the concept of the nuclear family. At first the author explains the ideas of Thomas More’s Utopia, but afterwards narrows his content by going into explaining his thoughts on children raised in dysfunctional families. He very cleverly shows the reader part family model’s with current ones, allowing his audience to make the decision for themselves. His tone is a logical philosophical. The reader is told of his depressing childhood growing up in a dysfunctional family, and how it had a profound effect upon his life. The author uses his own personal experience and knowledge to express his opinions on his topic, but really doesn’t use much inference to other cases or factual evidence to back up his argument. All and all, the author wrote an essay which would prove to be thought provoking and well organized.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In this first paragraph, the author battles with a commonly held belief that children are the â€Å"property† of their parents for a certain amount of time in their lives. The author constructs upon the topic slowly by disclosing his problem with the idea of children as property, only to bring his own life experiences into count by explaining his adolescence with a dysfunctional family. By bringing in his personal experiences, the author is in some sense considered an authority figure on the topic of a child’s life with a dysfunctional family. He compares the concept of parental custody with apprenticeship, and he puts it all together by creating a practical solution to the problem. His true thesis sentence is seen in the last paragraph where he says, â€Å"We have invested far too heavily in the unproved â€Å"equity† called the nuclear family; that stock is about to crash and we ought to being finding escape options† (p 196). By gradu ally giving the reader background info on the problems of the modern dysfunctional family, and then stating the thesis at the end, he very clearly gets his argument across. The author clearly shows how his childhood effected his adulthood, making in a living example of what he is writing about allowing the audience to more easily trust what he is writing about. Instead of using factually evidence from other dysfunctional family incidences, the author decides to make it more personal, by using his own life and comparing family ideas of the past to the present.

Violence On Television: Violence Is Everywhere Essay -- essays researc

Violence on Television: Violence is Everywhere " I never learned which party was victorious, nor the cause of the war, But I felt for the rest of that day, as if I had had my feelings excited and harrowed by witnessing the struggle..." (Henry David Thoreau) These days our whole life seems to revolve around violence. There are so many channels on TV that advocate violence on a daily basis. Sports that we see every Sunday stir up aggressiveness and bring anger to a high level. Around school conflicts seem to occur frequently. We get excited whenever we come across these situations and sometimes don't know what caused the ordeal in the first place but nevertheless it grabs us and we become involved, mentally and/or physically. The television set is a virtual fire hose of violenc...

Wet Seal :: essays research papers fc

Wet Seal started as a bikini shack in Newport Beach, CA in 1962. By the mid 1980’s they were known for offering trendy clothes to the most fashionable customers in Orange County. Wet Seal sold the right merchandise at the right time, and by 1995 they had enough capitol to buy 237 Contempo Casual stores from the Neiman Marcus Group.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When Wet Seal went public in 1996 they realized they needed a marketplace for 20-35 year old females with a more contemporary look. With that thought, then CEO, Kathy Bronstein, created Arden B. The venue was named after her daughter. Also in 2001, Wet Seal Inc., felt the need for a venue just for the â€Å"tween market,† girls five to 12 years old. They bought out 18 Zutopia store units from Gymboree, Inc. The store also expanded in 2001 by buying a majority of the Contempo Casual stores, and later merged web sites with Contempo Casuals that created one of the largest junior driven sites in the country.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As like every retail organization, Wet Seal Inc., has seen the best and worst during their years in business. With the 9/11 tragedy and other natural disasters, the nation’s economy had seen better days. Wet Seal Inc. stuck it out with Kathy Bronstein behind the wheel, and in late 2001 sales increased into the double digits, and stock was up 61% for the year. A vendor partner stated, â€Å" She’s one of the greatest merchants I know in the industry...she lives, eats, and breathes this junior business.†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  After two years of plummeting sales, and comments that they’ve â€Å"lost touch with the thrifty, fashion obsessed teens,† Wet Seal Inc. hired a new chief executive, Peter Whitford.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Peter Whitford was the former president of Walt Disney’s Disney Store operations. He also brought a talented team with him that included fashion designer, Victor Alfaro, and a teen-marketing expert, Anne Kallin Zehren. To get good output for their new line, Zehren came up with an idea to hire 11 stylizers to speak freely about Wet Seal fashions. â€Å"We’re having fashionable teens help us out,† Zehren states, and also adding that she hoped to recruit 50 stylizers by the end of the year. The stylizers are supposed to appear in ads, and add more appeal to the new clothing line.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Marketing experts agreed with the idea of hiring every day girls as fashion muses, but they also stated that Wet Seal has to be really committed to this new idea.

Analyse the considerations that regulate when an athlete returns to play after an injury Essay

The considerations that regulate when an athlete is able to return to play after an injury includes indicators or readiness to return to play, monitoring progress, psychological readiness, specific warm up procedures, return to play policies and procedures as well as ethical considerations. It is imperative that an athlete’s injury has recovered, their fitness and skills are close to pre-injury levels and also that their confidence in their injury is 100%. Training pain free and having full mobility return to the injured site are clear indicators of readiness for return to play. In order to measure an athlete’s readiness after returning from an injury they must go through various physical tests to test their fitness and basic skills needed to perform in their sport. For example, a netballer returning from an injured ankle would be tested on her agility through drills including side stepping and dogging. Her match fitness could be tested in a practice game situation at training provided she is pain free and has complete mobility. Monitoring progress through both pre-tests and post-tests is essential to an athletes recovery in order to determine if they have or have not gained the necessary fitness and skills after injury. Ongoing tests, discussions between athlete and physio, visual observations of the athlete and video footage are all means which may be used to appropriately measure the athlete’s progress. Thus, appropriate pre and post tests can significantly help trainers to evaluate and develop particular training programs that will help to athlete return to play quicker after an injury. E.g A swimmer could monitor their progress of an injured arm by measuring the range of movement pre and post training. An athlete’s psychological can be effectively measured by discussions between the athlete, coach and sports psychologist, visual observations and anxiety levels. An athlete returning to sport before they’re psychologically ready can lead to fear, anxiety, re-injury, depression and a decrease in performance. For example, a 100m sprinter who tore his hamstring from jumping out of the blocks may find it psychologically tough to reach their maximum force produced pre-injury. An injured athlete may need to go through a more specific warm up and stretching routine in order to achieve maximum recovery and minimise the chance or re-injury. Thus, extra care and time at the injured site is crucial to ensuring that adequate blood flow, increased flexibility and readiness to perform occur. E.g A soccer player may need to do their own specific warm up program set by their physio separate to the team. Return to play policies and procedures vary with sports, as they may be determined by overall governing bodies or by individual sporting clubs. However, coaches, sports administrators and sports medicine practitioners play a vital role in establishing guidelines for when an injured athlete can return or wether they can play with the injury. For example, a water polo player may need to get their pectoral injury cleared by their team physio in order play. Ethical considerations play a vital role in determining when an athlete returns to play. Athletes ask themselves, ‘When is the right time to play?’ Unfortunately, there are internal and external pressures such as temptation, fear of losing their position on the team, pressure from sponsors and media as well as boredom, sometimes luring them into returning to play before they’re ready. Thus, this could easily lead to an athlete using painkillers or similar drugs from rapid advances in drug technology, in order to continue playing.

College Management System Essay

Corepro Soft is a high-end riotous started in 2004 as f wholly in of diversification plans of the group to migrate into IT to fulfill the spheric destiny of IT labours. At the helm of personal matters it has unafraid practiced team to breach and manage soft wargons and bring ons strong buy at for large corporations worldwide. We relieve oneself built a reputation for professional relationships and a long- term carg unitaryr path, in unfinished contrast to traditional, nomadic consulting reckon. We develops soft w atomic number 18s based on Java, J2EE, J2ME, Oracle, C++, ASP.NET, VB.NET, SQL, PHP, AJAX, MYSQL and Embedded plat class to fulfill whatsoever technical do of import. Several forward-looking(prenominal) developners nation altogethery to serve the deals of companies all oer the world. VisionWe are committed to be a truly global memorial tablet in providing IT services by Upholding the honor pution and pas sequence ethical channel practices. We co me across Customer satisfaction plot of ground encouraging team participation by existence an employer of Choice.MissionWe are peerless of the fastest growing, world-class and reputed providers of data technologarithmy services and solutions. Its mission is to cooperate track global corporations Create and sustain a competitive advantage. As a legitimate Global Organization, We offer its clients, partners and employees a wealth of cross-cultural expertise and knowledge to ensure a return on investment, sustainable and profitable long-term growth.PURPOSE OF THE establishmentEXISTING governanceThe dust starts with enrolment of raw provide and students. When the subjects are to be allocated to the competency, the Head of the Department should work out everything in the travel by sheets. Then the module enterscomparable subjects attendance and tag of a student thus those essential overly be entered in the leap out sheets and validations are to be done by the substa nce ab drug exploiter itself. So thither impart be a lot of compute to be done and must be to a greater extent conscious during the entrance of enlarge. So, more risk is involved.PROBLEMS IN THE EXISTING SYSTEMStoring and accessing the data in the form of Excel sheets and account books is a tedious work. It requires a lot of laborious work. It may practically yield undesired results. Maintaining these records as hemorrhoid may turn out to be a personifylier task than every other of the colleges and institutionsRisks involved in be organization of rulesPresent System is time-consuming and also results in lack of determineting un scotch results. Some of the risks involved in the expose governance areDuring the entrance of tag and attendance, if any mistake is done at a point, then this becomes cumulative and leads to unseemly consequences If there is any need to recuperate results it may seem to be strong to search.PROPOSED SYSTEMUMS (UNIVERSITY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM) makes management to get the most modifyd instruction everlastingly by avoiding manual accounting plow. This placement has the hobby functional divisions. University AdministratorCollege Administrator exploiter (Students / Faculties)University Administrator has the functionality of registering new colleges and blood lines. College Administrator has the rights of creating department, allocating descents to departments, creating faculties, students and allocating subjects to faculties, and modifications in the data entered by the user tail end also be done by the college administrator. exploiter of this may be faculty or students. Faculty has the facility of go into the attach and attendance of the students. Students mass play off their marks and attendance notwithstanding there is no chance of modifications. Reports must be generated for the brisk data i.e. for attendance and marks of the students, which are usedto assess the surgical procedure of the students. These rep orts should be viewed by the in rushing and user.INTRODUCTIONAfter analyzing the fatalitys of the task to be performed, the next step is to analyze the enigma and understand its context. The inaugural activity in the cast is theatreing the existing system and other is to understand the demands and dobriny of the new system. Both the activities are equally important, but the first activity serves as a basis of giving the functional stipulations and then successful design of the proposed system. Understanding the properties and emergencys of a new system is more vexed and requires creative thinking and understanding of existing running system is also difficult, ill-timed understanding of present system tin lead diversion from solution.ANALYSIS prototypeThe model that is basically being followed is the pissing FALL MODEL, which states that the word forms are organized in a linear order. First of all the feasibility study is done. Once that part is over the requirement a nalysis and lying-in planning begins. The design starts later on the requirement analysis is complete and the coding begins later the design is complete. Once the programming is completed, the interrogatory is done. In this model the sequence of activities performed in a software instruction purpose are Requirement Analysis view PlanningSystem design spot designCodingUnit scrutinySystem integration & examhither the linear ordering of these activities is critical. End of the phase and the turnout of one phase is the input signal of other phase. The railroad siding of eachphase is to be consistent with the overall requirement of the system. Some of the qualities of spiral model are also incorporated like afterward the people implicated with the project look back completion of each of the phase the work done. WATER FALL MODEL was being chosen because all requirements were cognise ahead and the object lens of our software suppuration is the figurerization/automation of an already existing manual working system.Fig 2.2 Water come Modelfeasibleness STUDY earlier investigation examine project feasibility, the likeliness the system will be profitable to the organization. The principal(prenominal) objective of the feasibility study is to test the expert, practicable and stintingal feasibility for adding new modules and debugging old running system. all(prenominal) system is feasible if they are infinite resources and infinite time. There are aspects in the feasibility study portion of the exploratory investigation Technical Feasibilityoperating(a) FeasibilityEconomical Feasibility good FEASIBILITYTechnical Feasibility centers on the existing computer system hardware, software, etc. and to some extent how it tooshie support the proposed addition. This involves financial considerations to accommodate technical enhancements. Technical support is also a causa for the success of the project. The techniques needed for the system should be avai lable and it must be sensible to use. Technical Feasibility is mainly concerned with the study of function, performance, and constraints that may affect the qualification to achieve the system. By conducting an efficient technical feasibility we need to ensure that the project works to solve the existing problem area. Since the project is designed with ASP.NET with C as Front end and SQL legion 2000 as Back end, it is docile to install in all thesystems wherever needed. It is more efficient, easy and user-friendly to understand by most everyone. Huge amount of data force out be handled efficiently using SQL master of ceremonies as back end. thusly this project has good technical feasibility practicable FEASIBILITYPeople are inherently instant to permute and computers ask been known to facilitate change. An estimate should be do to how strong a reaction the user staff is likely to conduct towards the development of the computerized system. The staff is accustomed to comput erized systems. These kinds of systems are proper more common day by day for evaluation of the software engineers. Hence,this system is operationally feasible. As this system is technically, economically and operationally feasible, this system is judged feasible.ECONOMICAL FEASIBILITYThe role of interface design is to hold the differences that prevail among the software engineers design model, the designed system put together the end user requirement with economical way at minimal follow within the affordable price by encouraging more of proposed system. Economic feasibility is concerned with comparing the development follow with the income/benefit derived from the authentic system. In this we need to derive how this project will help the management to take effective decisions.Economic Feasibility is mainly concerned with the approach incurred in the implementation of the software. Since this project is developed using ASP.NET with C and SQL Server which is more commonly avai lable and even the cost involved in the installation process is not high. Similarly it is easy to move into persons for operating the software since almost all the people are aware of ASP.NET with C and SQL Server. Even if we want to train the persons in these area the cost involved in training is also very less. Hence this project has good economic feasibility.The system once developed must be used efficiently. Otherwise there is nomeaning for developing the system. For this a paying attention study of the existing system and its drawbacks are needed. The user should be able to tick off the existing one and proposed one, so that one must be able to prize the characteristics of the proposed system, the manual one is not passing reliable and also is considerably fast. The proposed system is efficient, reliable and also quickly responding.S/w and H/w requirements1. surroundServersOperating System Server Microsoft Windows 2000 or HigherData Base Server Microsoft SQL Server 2000/2 005Clients Microsoft Internet Explorer,Tools Microsoft Visual studio apartment .NetUser Interface ASP.NET with AJAXCode rear end VC.NET2. RequirementsHardware requirementsNumberverbal verbal description1PC with 2 GB hard-diskand 256 MB RAMSoftware requirementsNumberDescription1Windows 2000/ XP/ or Higher with MS-office2.MS-SQL server2000/20053.Ms-Visual studio .Net 20054.Ms-Internet ExplorerINPUT AND OUTPUTSThe study inputs and end products and major functions of the system are followsInputsUniversity Administrator enter his user id and password for login to authenticate in this system University Administrator creates the college .While readjustment Colleges can able to provide their training like1. College id2. College name3. Address Information of college4. Password for the collegeAdministrator can create the versatile college details in this networksite. Registered colleges and staff need to submit their log in information for change their password. For inquisitory Colleg e details guest need to choose the colleges or search college option for user interface. For searching a college a guest can choose search college option. For upload their deatails a college must login to their profile For demo they have to view the reports.OutputsAdministrator can have his own al-Qaida page. Colleges ans staff and student have their own home page after completion of the documentation process. Admin get all colleges and staff and course details.The registered users data can be stored in centralized database through with(predicate) the system user interface. Various types of information can be displayed to the users like colleges, courses and course subjects etc After successful submission of log in information users can got their new password. Profile can be update by the users individually.PROCESS MODEL employ WITH JUSTIFICATIONACCESS CONTROL FOR information WHICH REQUIRE USER AUTHENTICAIONThe following didacticss deposit access control identifiers and they are typically used to authorize and authenticate the user ( dominate codes are shown in parentheses)USER plant (USER)The user identification is that which is required by the server for access to its file system. This command will normally be the first command transmitted by the user after the control connections are make (some servers may require this).PASSWORD (PASS)This command must be immediately preceded by the user name command, and, for some sites, completes the users identification for access control. Since password information is quite sensitive, it is desirable in general to mask it or persecute type out..System Requirements SpecificationThe software, rate Explorer is designed for management of web sites from a remote location. Purpose The main purpose for preparing this document is to give a general insight into the analysis and requirements of the existing system or situation and for determine the operating characteristics of the system. Scope This Document plays a vi tal role in the development life cycle (SDLC) and it describes the complete requirement of the system. It is meant for use by the developers and will be the basic during testing phase. Any changes do to the requirements in the future will have to go through formal change approval process.Developers Responsibilities OverviewThe developer is responsible forDeveloping the system, which meets the SRS and resolution all the requirements of the system? Demonstrating the system and put the system at clients location after the acceptance testing is successful. Submitting the required user manual describing the system interfaces to work on it and also the documents of the system. Conducting any user training that might beneeded for using the system. Maintaining the system for a period of one year after installation.Output shapeOutputs from computer systems are required primarily to communicate the results of touch on to users. They are also used to provides a permanent copy of the resul ts for later consultation. The various types of outputs in general are foreign Outputs, whose depot is outside the organization. Internal Outputs whose destination is within organization and they are the Users main interface with the computer.Operational outputs whose use is purely within the computer department. Interface outputs, which involve the user in communicating directly.Output DefinitionThe outputs should be defined in terms of the following pointsType of the outputContent of the outputFormat of the outputLocation of the outputFrequency of the outputVolume of the outputSequence of the outputIt is not always desirable to print or display data as it is held on a computer. It should be determined as which form of the output is the most suitable.Output MediaIn the next stage it is to be decided that which medium is the most appropriate for the output. The main considerations when deciding about the output media are The suitability for the device to the particular applicatio n. The need for a hard copy.The response time required.The location of the usersThe software and hardware available. tutelage in view the above description the project is to have outputs mainly approach under the category of internal outputs. The main outputs desired according to the requirement specification are The outputs were needed to be generated as a hot copy and as well as queries to be viewed on the screen. Keeping in view these outputs, the format for the output is taken from the outputs, which are before long being obtained after manual processing. The tired printer is to be used as output media for hard copies.Input DesignInput design is a part of overall system design. The main objective during the input design is as addicted belowTo produce a efficient method of input.To achieve the highest possible direct of accuracy.To ensure that the input is acceptable and dumb by the user.